Cultural Narrative:
Photograph of Tiwi-teqis' (Old Chief Joseph's) monument at wal'áwa (Wallowa Lake, Oregon). Tiwi-teqis (Old Chief Joseph) of Nez Perce, a father of the Chieftain who conducted the campaign of 1877 in the retreat across Idaho and Montana at his surrender at c'aynim 'alikinwaaspa (Bear Paw Mountain). Photo November 1931 by Emil Kopac.